Aug. 23, 2021

ЁЯФе Historical Terminologies

Cartaze System

            The Portuguese company initiated aggressive policies to establish its dominance over the Indian seas. In this sequence, the collection of 'security tax' by the Portuguese on their major sea routes was called CARTAZE SYSTEM. Under this, every Indian merchant ship passing through the Portuguese dominated territory had to purchase passport (permit) from the Portuguese for their trade. If the merchant ship refused to do so, then both its ship and cargo were seized. 

            Noteworthy the Portuguese started the practice of tobacco cultivation in India and also established the first printing press in India in 1556 AD.

Probable Question

Q.:       What was the Cartaze system introduced by the Portuguese?

            (a)     determine the arrangement for establishment of printing press. 

            (b)    The policy of Portuguese men marrying Indian women.

            (c)     A strategy adopted to earn business profits from regional kings. 

            (d)    Method of collecting security tax on sea routes.

Ans:- (d)

 

Saranjami/Bibad/Varna Pact

Saranjami - Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720 AD) restored the military and administrative regime of Chatrapati Shahu. In the same sequence, he converted some Swaraj territory into Jagir, which were called Saranjami.

Bibad - This was a type of tax, which was imposed by the Mughal Governor Sarbuland Khan. It was many a times charged to pay soldiers and also to end an argument.

Varna Pact - In 1731 AD, Bajirao I defeated Shambha Ji II of Kolhapur and signed a Varna pact with him. Accordingly, Shambha ji II accepted to be the subordinate of Shahu.

 

                                                                                          Probable Question

Q.:       Which of the following pairs is not correctly coupled?

            1.      Saranjami     - Land converted into Jagir under Maratha administration

            2.      Spoiler         -  A kind of tax

            3.      Varna Pact   - Treaty between Bajirao II and Shambha Ji II.

            Code:

            (a)     1 and 2               (b)    2 and 3

            (c)     1, 2 and 3           (d)    None of the above.

Ans:- (b)

Chauth and Sardeshmukhi

            Under the Maratha administration, the Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were charged as supplementary income of the Maratha kingdom, which was started by Shivaji. But even before Shivaji, Chauth was prevalent in Gujarat and Maharashtra region. In fact, Chauth was 25% of the total revenue of a particular area. Along with that security for that area was also promised. The amount received from Chauth were distributed among various Maratha chieftains, Peshwa and Chatrapati etc. 25 per cent of the total Chauth was given to the Chhatrapati, who was called Babati, 6 percent was left to the Secretary in the form of Sahotara and 3 percent was left to the Chhatrapati's discretion. It was called Nadgonda. The remaining 66 per cent was distributed among the Maratha chieftains who collected the Chauth.

            Sardeshmukhi used to be 10 percent of the total revenue, which went directly to the Chhatrapati. In fact, Chattrapati claimed Sardeshmukhi as the heaf of all Deshmukhs or Maratha chieftains.

 

Probable Question

Q.:       With reference, Chauth and Sardeshmukhi, consider the following statements-

            1.      The state concerned with Chauth was not guaranteed security.

            2.      Sardeshmukhi was divided into various Sardeshmukhs or District Magistrates.

            3.      Under Chauth, the portion received by the Chhatrapati was called Babti.

            Which of the above statements is / are not correct?

            (a)     1 and 2                        (b)                  3 only

            (c)     2 and 3                        (d)                  1, 2 and 3

Ans:- (a)

 

 

Bargir and Silahdar

            A permanent army was established by Shivaji under the military administration of the Maratha Empire. In this, the main army was called 'Bargir' and the second type of army was called Silahdar. The Silahdar army was appointed independently under various Maratha chieftains, but when they were taken into state services, they were paid allowances and compensation in lieu of fixed work.

 

Probable Question

Q.:       With reference to the Maratha administration, consider the following statements-?

            1.      The head of the intelligence(spy) department in the Maratha administration was called Bargir.

            2.      In religious matters, the chief counsellor of Chhatrapati were called Silahdar.

            Which of the above statements is / are true?

            (a)     Only 1                                                (b)    Only 2 

            (c)     Both 1 and 2                                      (d)    Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (d)

 

Mamlatdar/Darkhadar/Karkun

            Under the district administration of the Maratha Empire, the Mamlatdar was in-charge of the mandal, district, government, suba, etc., which represented the Peshwa. In his equivalent was an officer called Kaamvishdaar. They used to do all kinds of work in the district, such as civil and criminal matters, industrial and agricultural development etc. With the help of local Patels, Mamlatdar used to fix the tax in the villages. Deshmukh and Deshpande were the other district magistrates, who controlled the Mamlatdar. In addition, the officer named Darkhadar worked as to control over them. He was hereditary and independent. Each district also had an officer named Karkun, who used to inform the Center straightly about special incidents.

 

Probable Question

Q.:       Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

            1-       Mamlatdar    - Head of the district

            2-      Darkhadar      - Head of Forest Department

            3-      Karkun           - Local Craftsman

            Code:

            (a) Only 1                    (b)    1 and 3           (c)     2 and 3                    (d)             1, 2 and 3

Ans:- (a)

 

Permanent Settlement System

            Lord Cornwallis implemented the Permanent Settlement System of land revenue in 1793 AD. It is also called Zamindari system or Istamrari system. The policies adopted under it are as follows:

Zamindars and Intermediaries were made the landlords.

Now the land could be bought and sold.

The traditional rights of the ryots on the land came to an end. Such as - grassland, river, forest etc.

The government's share of land revenue was 10/11 and that of landlords was 1/11.

This system was implemented in 19% part of entire British India which included Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Benaras Division of Uttar Pradesh, North Karnataka.

 

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of permanent settlement.-

            1.      In this, the land can be sold.

            2.      The rights of farmers on public lands like pasture, river, forest etc. ended.

            Which of the above statements is / are correct?

            (a)     Only 1                (b)    Only 2            (c)     Both 1 and 2           (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (c)

 

 

Payabaki/Nankar/Pahikasht

            Mansabdari system was introduced to strengthen the military and administrative structure under the Mughal Empire. These mansabdars were paid in the form of salary or jagir in exchange of their services. The area given to the mansabdars as jagirs was called тАШPayabakiтАЩ. At the lower level of the hierarchy of land revenue collection were the Malguzars or small landowners, who had autonomous rights over the land, and also used to collect the goods from the farmers. In return they used to get Malgujari or revenue-free land, which was called Nankar. There were farmers under the zamindars. The nomadic peasants among these farmers were called Pahikasht.

Probable Question

Q.:       Which of the following pairs is / are correctly matched?

            1.      Paybaki       - Manasabdars who received the Jagir areas.

            2.      Nankar        - Nomadic farmer.

            3.      Pahikasht    - Cavalry.

            Code:

            (a)     Only 1                (b)    2 and 3           (c)     Only3                       (d)       1 and 2

Ans:- (a)

 

Aamil/Mirasidars/Saranjam

            The officer who collected revenue during the Mughal period was called Aamil. In the same period, under the Maratha Empire, the villages whose chiefs were hereditary or inherited by the authority of Vatan or Jagir at the lowest level in the administrative structure were called the Mirasidars. The regional assemblies of these Mirasidars behaved like political powers. To balance them, the Maratha state distributed temporary and transferable rights related to land in its protected area, which were called Saranjam. These were similar to the Jagirdari system of the Mughals.

 

Probable Question

Q.:       Match the following-

            1- Aamil - Revenue Officer

            2- Mirasidar - Hereditary Rural Chief

            3- Saranjam - Trained Infantry

            Which of the above is / are not correctly matched?

            (a)     1 and 2               (b)    3 only            (c)     1, 2 and 3                (d)             1 only

Ans:- (b)

 

Ryotwari System

            During the British period, the government were facing loss due to the permanent settlement system of land revenue introduced in India. Now the government was in favour of a system that could be reallocated from time to time. In this sequence, in 1792, the Ryotwari system was first implemented by Captain Read in Baramahal district. In this, the revenue agreement was made not with the landlords, but with the original farmers who were the owners of the land. Further, Monroe and Elphinstone implemented this system in Madras and Bombay provinces respectively. It was implemented on 51% of the total land area of тАЛтАЛBritish India. According to this, each registered Ryots (farmer) was accepted as the owner of the land. These farmers were responsible for giving land revenue to the state government. They could not be deprived of their land as long as they continued to pay revenue on time.

Probable Question

Q.:       With reference to the Ryotwari system, consider the following statements-

            1.      It was implemented by Halt McKenzie in the North-Western Provinces and Punjab.

            2.      In this agreement regarding land revenue was done with the entire village.

            Which of the above statement is / are not correct?

            (a)     1 only                          (b)                  2 only

            (c)     Both 1 and 2      (d)    Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (d)

 

                                                                                         Mahalwadi System

            As a result of the Industrial Revolution in England, the British government required a lot of wealth for investment which had to be met by increased revenue. The Mahalwadi system was inspired by this requirement only. Holt McKenzie implemented this system through the Regulation VII of 1822. Under this, land revenue related agreement was done with the entire village or Mahal. The people of the village or Mahal were responsible for giving land revenue collectively. Although there was also the personal responsibility. If a person leave his land, the village community would take over. This village community itself used to own the composite land and other land. 

            The rate of land revenue in this was temporary. Here landlords used to collect the land revenue where the land revenue was 30 percent of the total yield, but where there were no landlords, it was increased upto 95 percent. This system was implemented in Central Province, North-Western Province and Punjab which constituted 30 percent of the total British territory.

Probable Question

Q.        Consider the following statement in context of the Mahalwadi             system.

            1.      This system was implemented during the reign of Governor General Lord Hastings.

            2.      It was implemented on the 51 per cent of the total British territory.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a)     1 only                                                 (b)    2 only                     

            (c)     Both 1 and 2                                      (d)    Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (a)

 

Subsidiary Alliance System

            Lord Wellesley used a Subsidiary Alliance System to bring Indian states into the political domain of English. Wellesley did not invent the auxiliary pact system. It already existed. It was developed by Dupleix. Along with the Clive's treaty with Awadha in 1765 AD, some elements of the subsidiary alliance are also found. Further Wellesley gave it a theoretical basis, called the Subsidiary Alliance, provisions of which were - the state from which the treaty was associated, there will have to be a British resident who will help the state in times of internal turmoil and external aggression. In return, the big state had to pay a part of its territory and the small state had to pay cash. The company will not interfere in the internal affairs of the state and the foreign policy of the state will be subjected to the company. The state could not employ any European person without the British consent. The states who firstly got involved in the subsidiary alliance were Hyderabad, Mysore and Tanjore, Avadha, Peshwas, Bhonsle and Sindhiya respectively.

Probable Question

Q.:       Which of the provisions were included under the Subsidiary Alliance System?

            1-      The company will not interfere in the internal affairs of the states.

            2-      The foreign relations of Indian kings will be subjected to the company.

            3-      The State making the treaty shall have no authority to adopt.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a)     Only 1                                                (b)    1 and 2

            (c)     2 and 3                                               (d)    1, 2 and 3

Ans:- (b)

 

Doctrine of Lapse

            The objective of the expansion of the British Empire in India was propounded by Lord Dalhousie. He applied the Doctrine of Lapse for the policy of peaceful merger in India. However, this principle was originally formulated in 1834 AD by the Court of Directors and stated that the subordinate states do not have the rights to adopt. According to the Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse, the states were divided into three categories -

1.         Independent and Friendly States - These states did not require to get prior permission from the Britishers for their succession.

2.         Those states, which were formerly subordinate to the Mughals or Marathas but now were under the British - These states needed to take permission for adoption.

3.         Independent States established by the British law - These states did not have the right to adopt.

            According to this Doctrine, the states that merged were Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).

 

Probable Question

Q.:       Arrange the following states in the correct chronological sequence as per their merger under the Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse. 

            1.      Jhansi                 2.      Baghat

            3.      Udaipur              4.      Satara

            Code:

            (a)     2-3-4-1               (b)    4-1-2-3

            (c)     4-3-2-1               (d)    4-2-3-1

Ans:- (d)

 

Pindari

            The word 'Pindari' is derived from the Marathi language. Actually, Pind was a type of Aasava (Khamira) alcoholic liquor and the people drinking it were called 'Pindari'. In the 18th and 19th centuries, these people used to loot and kill only. They were first mentioned in 1689 at the time of the invasion of Maharashtra by the Mughals. From the time of Bajirao I, they fought unpaid on behalf of the Marathas and only participated in plunder. After the battle of Panipat, they settled in the Malwa region and became the auxiliary soldiers of Sindhiyas, Holkars and Nizaams. Now these were called the royal Sindhiya, royal Holkar and royal Nizam Pindari. Malcolm equated them as 'Maratha hunters with hunting dogs'. They did not had any specific religion and caste. These people worked secretly. Their main leaders were Cheetu, Vaasil Muhammad and Kareem Khan. Pindaris were suppressed during the period of Lord Hastings (1813тАУ1823). During this time, Hastings himself took command of the Northern Army and gave the command of the Southern Army to Sir Thomas Hislop.

 

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of 'Pindaris'-

            1.      They were not paid for providing military assistance to the Rajputs. 

            2.      Both Hindus and Muslims were included in their group.

            3.      They were suppressed during the time of Lord Hastings.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a)     1 and 3               (b)    2 and 3

            (c)     1 only                 (d)    1, 2 and 3

Ans:- (b)

 

                                                                                    Commercialization of Agriculture

            Commercialization of agriculture means encouraging the production of cash crops instead of traditional crops. Commercialization generally promotes the capitalist transformation of the agricultural economy, but commercialization brought under colonial rule encouraged starvation and impoverishment in India because in the process of commercialization of agriculture, the British company encouraged only the production of those crops which were favorable in their interest. At the same time farmers had to forcibly adopt commercial crops because they could not meet the prevailing rate of land revenue by producing traditional crops. The British motives behind the commercialization of agriculture were to easily obtain the increased amount of land revenue, to ensure the availability of raw materials for Britain and to facilitate the export of grains from India to Britain. The disadvantages of this were that the production of cash crops led to a decline in food crops, leading to famine and starvation, as well as rural indebtedness. Despite commercialization, agriculture was not modernized, resulting in excessive exploitation of farmers.

 

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of commercialization of agriculture in India -

            1.      Commercialization of agriculture made the modernization of agriculture possible in India.

            2.      This led to the capitalist transformation of agriculture.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a)     Only 1                                                (b)    1 and 2

            (c)     Both 1 and 2                                      (d)    Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (b)

 

Brahmo Samaj

            Raja Rammohan Roy, the father of the Indian Renaissance and Modern India, founded the Brahmo Sabha in August, 1828 with the purpose of social reform, which later came to be known as Brahmo Samaj. Its main objective was the purification of Hindu religion and belief in monotheism or the Nirguna God. These were based on the knowledge of the Vedas and Upanishads. He was a staunch opponent of idol worship, caste system and social evils. The Brahmo Samaj emphasized on all-religion equality and non-violence. 

 

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of the Brahmo Samaj-

            1.      It was founded in 1828 by Raja Rammohan Roy.

            2.      Its main purpose was the purification of Hindu religion and belief in polytheism.

            3.      He was a strong supporter of idol worship.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a)     1 and 2               (b)    1 only            (c)     2 and 3 only            (d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans:- (a)

 

Adi Brahmo Samaj and Bharatiya Brahmo Samaj

            After the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, Devendranath Tagore, father of Rabindranath Tagore took over the charge of Brahmo Samaj in 1842. He gave new conscience and redesigned the Brahmo Samaj. He promoted the ideas of ancient Indian civilization and Raja Rammohan Roy through the Tatvabodhini and Gyanvardhini Sabha. Further in 1858, Keshav Chandra Sen became the member of the Brahmo Samaj. His energy, eloquence and liberal views made Brahmo society popular, but soon due to liberalism, the Brahmo society began to split. He considered Hindu religion to be narrow and was emphasized on globalisation of society, education of all religions in society, due to which his differences with Devendranath Tagore deepened. In 1865, Sen was dismissed from the post of Acharya. In 1866 he formed a new Sabha called 'Bharatiya Brahmo Samaj'. After this Devendranath Tagore's Brahma Samaj came to be known as 'Adi Brahma Samaj'.

Probable Question

Q.:       Who among the following founded the Indian Brahmo Samaj?

            (a) Devendranath Tagore    (b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

            (c) Keshav Chandra Sen      (d) Tara Chandra Chakravarty

Ans:- (c)

                                                                                            Prarthna Samaj

            The ideology of the Brahmo Samaj also spread to Maharashtra. Here in 1849 a Paramhansa Sabha was established which was a secret religious institution. After its dissolution in 1860, Atmaram Pandurang in 1867, with the help of Keshav Chandra Sen, established the Prarthna Samaj which included many vital personalities like Mahadev Govind Ranade, RG Bhandarkar, NG Chandravarkar. Like the Brahmo Samaj, it was an intellectually united organization with greater emphasis on social reforms. It had four major objectives -

(I) Resistance against the caste system, (ii) Increase in the marriage age of both boys and girls (iii) Promotion of widow remarriage and (iv) Promotion of women education. MG Ranade, alongwith Dhondo Keshav Karue, laid the foundation of the Vidhva Punarvivaah (widow Remarriage) Movement and the Vidhava (Widow) Home Association.

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of the Prarthna Samaj-

            1.      It was established in 1867 by Jyotiba Phule in Maharashtra.

            2.      MG-Ranade and RG-Bhandarkar were associated with it.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a) 1 only                                                    (b) 2 only

            (c) Both 1 and 2                                          (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (b)

 

Satyashodhak Samaj

 

            In Maharashtra, Jyotirao Govind Rao struggled for the Oppressed class. As he was born in the 'Mali' caste, he came to be known as Phule. He founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873, the main objective of which was to promote social work and education among the lower caste people and women. Jyotiba Phule worked against Brahminism and Slavery and also wrote a book titled Ghulamgiri. He also established a girls' school in Pune with the help of his wife Savitri Bai. Among his other publications Dharm Tritya Ratna and Life Of Shivaji are prominent. Since 1888 AD, people started calling him Mahatma.

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in the context of Satyashodhak Samaj-

            1- It was founded by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.

            2- It was a movement against Brahmanism.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a) Only 1                    (b) Only 2               (c) Both 1 and 2              (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (b)

 

Arya Samaj

            Arya Samaj was founded by Dayanand Saraswati in 1875 AD. It was a Reform Movement which aimed at pure re-establishment of the ancient Vedic religion. Dayanand Saraswati gave the slogan of "Return to the Vedas", explaining the Vedas to be true and distinct among all the religions. He criticized the ancient Hindu cultures and Puranas. His vision was not traditionalist. He opposed child marriage, idol worship, pragnism, ritualism, widow system, Sati system and Parda system and supported inter-caste marriage, widow re-marriage, while interpreting the Vedas in modern contexts. Shuddhi movement was also launched to protect Hinduism. His thoughts and ideologies have been published in his book Satyarth Prakash.

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of the Arya Samaj-

            1.      It was founded by Dayanand Saraswati in 1875 AD.

            2.      It supported inter-caste marriages and idol worship.

            3.      It explains the restoration of Vedic period.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a) 1 only                             (b) 2 and 3 

            (c) 1 and 3                            (d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans:- (a)

 

Seva Sadan

            The Indian social reformer Baharamji Malabari, in 1908 along with his friend Mr. Dayaram Gidumal, founded an institution called Seva Sadan. Through this, they opposed child marriage and supported widow remarriage. It was due to the efforts of M. Malabari that the Age of Consent Act was passed which prohibited the marriage of a girl under 12 years of age. Through the Seva Sadan, women who were exploited and dispensed from society were uplifted. Also, education and medical facilities were ensured for women.

 

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of the Bahramji Malabari.

            1.      He established an institution called Seva Sadan in 1908.

            2.      The Age of Consent Act was the result of his efforts.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a) 1 only                    (b) 2 only                (c) Both 1 and 2              (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (b)

 

Radhaswami Movement

            The Radhaswami movement was a social-reform movement. It was started by Shiva Dayal Saheb in 1861 AD, he was also known as Tulsiram. This movement emphasized monotheism, the supremacy of the Guru, the organization of satsangs and the simplicity, it also mentioned about staying away from worldly delights. At the same time it considered all the religions to be equal. Its followers did not believe in going to the dargah and religious places. Instead, they gave more importance to service and prayer.

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of the Radhaswami Movement:

            1.       It was started by Radhakanta Dev.

            2.       It believes in the supremacy of only one God.

            Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

            (a)     1 only                          (b)                   2 only 

            (c)     Both 1 and 2               (d)                  Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (b)

 

 

 

 

 

Aatma-Samman Movement

            Aatma-Samman movement was a social reform movement, started in 1925 by E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker 'Periyar' and Balija Naidu. While opposing Brahmanism, its purpose was to demand the rights of lower caste people and to represent them. This movement included programs like getting married without Brahmin priests, forceful entry into temples, burning of Manusmriti. However, its limitation was that its social base was confined to the upper non-Brahmin castes.

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of the Aatma-Samman Movement-

            1.      It was started by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.

            2.      In this the supremacy of Brahmins was challenged.

            Which of the above statements is/are correct?

            (a) 1 only                    (b) 2 only                (c) 1 and 2 both               (d) neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (b)

 

Dharma Sabha

            A social reform organization called 'Dharma Sabha' was founded in 1830 by Radhakant Deb. It was a conservative institution. Through this, it was said to provide protection to the archaic and orthodox elements. It opposed the end of the practice of Sati, but supported modern education for women.

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of the 'Dharma Sabha'-

            1.      It was founded by Radhakanta Deb.

            2.      It tried to preserve the archaic and orthodox elements.

            3.      It opposed the efforts to end the practice of Sati.

            Which of the above statements is/are correct?

            (a) 1 and 3                   (b) 1 only                (c) 2 and 3                       (d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans:- (d)

 

 

Justice Movement

            In 1917, C.N. Mudliyar, T.M. Nair and P. Tyaagraj formed the first non-Brahmin assembly in Madras, which was named as 'South Indian Liberal Association'. This later came to be known as the Justice Movement. Its objective was to increase the representation of non-Brahmin castes in the legislature. In this sequence, the Madras Presidency Association was established in 1917.

Probable Question

Q.:       Consider the following statements in context of the Justice Movement.

            1.      It was started by Sree Narayana Guru Swami in 1917.

            2.      Its purpose was to increase the representation of non-Brahmin castes in the legislature.

            Which of the above statements is/are correct?

            (a) 1 only                    (b) 2 only                (c) Both 1 and 2              (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:- (b)